A | 家长们都知道，新加坡的基础教育在世界上处于一直领先地位。 Sputnik spoke with Professor N.R. Bhanumurthy, a prominent economist and vice-chancellor of the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar School of Economics University, Bengaluru (BASE University), about the decision to allow trade settlements in rupees and its impact.,Sputnik: What prompted the RBI to launch trade settlements in rupees?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: It is mostly to do with managing foreign exchange issues, especially when there are some shocks from the global financial system.,India must have smooth trade settlements since it has been trading with multiple countries.,There was a proposal to raise rupee-denominated bonds outside the country, which is also part of the transition.,So, it has a long-term strategy of the rupee also becoming one of the currencies of the international basket. Right now, we have only five recognized currencies. The latest currency added to the list was China's yuan. So, this is part of India's long-term mission.,Sputnik: Will this step help India resume sanctions-proof trade with countries like Iran, Venezuela, and Russia?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: We already have rupee-denominated trade with Iran, especially oil bills being settled in rupees. The Reserve Bank of India's decision is only to showcase that India is also emerging as a big player in the foreign exchange market.,This is only the beginning of the long process where India would like to see the rupee as one of the international currencies. In the process, all these things — like countries with a problem with foreign exchange reserves, nations with trade sanctions — all these will be taken care of.,In the future, disturbance or volatility in the foreign exchange market will increase, especially what we see in Russia or what we see in China. All those things will start having their own repercussions on the forex markets. So, it's better for India floating its currency-based trade.,Sputnik: Would other countries be interested in trading in national currencies with India?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: Certainly yes, because right now India's trade links are increasing, especially in the service sector; our trading links are expanding in a big way. There will be a much greater increase in the volumes of rupee trade. So if countries start trading through the rupee, business costs will be reduced.,India has signed an agreement with the UAE for rupee-based trade. Venezuela has also expressed interest.,Sputnik: How would this impact trade in the dollar or India's foreign exchange reserves?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: Foreign exchange reserves, which are currently around $600 billion, are not entirely in US dollars. A certain proportion of this is in US dollars, while the amount is also in euros, British pounds, and gold. So, I do not think rupee trade will impact trade volumes in the dollar. Whichever countries do not have a rupee-denominated trade deal with India, they can choose to settle their transactions in dollars. So, the dollar trade is still there.,Some areas where India is a significant trader, e.g. the European Union, and other countries like the UK is one country where we also have good trade relationships, and they are not part of the euro now. So all these things will help in increasing the rupee trade.,However, it does not mean it will negatively impact US dollar trade. They will actually complement each other. 10 years back, India used to settle most of its trade in US dollars. Now it also pays in euros, British pounds, as well as in Japanese yen.,Sputnik: Will it benefit countries in South Asia or other parts of the world facing foreign exchange crises?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: It is possible. Ultimately, every country would like to trade. If the US dollar becomes too expensive, it creates trouble for countries with a forex crisis to trade. In that situation, countries with limited foreign exchange reserves can always explore rupee-denominated trade. That is undoubtedly an area where India can take advantage.,Sputnik: Could India face US anger in some sense?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: I doubt all this can happen. We are sitting with a substantial foreign exchange reserve. If that were the case, China would have faced retaliation long back.,Retaliation options are very limited in forex markets. Productivity is one thing everybody can compete for; the rest is only settlement. Countries can only compete in productivity.,Et Tu? US Steals Most of Australia's Sale to China Amid Trade Row, Finds Study30 November 2021, 08:15 GMT,Sputnik: What should India do to strengthen the chances of making the Indian rupee a global currency?,Prof. Bhanumurthy: Productivity is a significant factor that can boost India's ambition to enhance its rupee-denominated trade. So, we need to keep improving our productivity. Second, India needs to create infrastructure to start having short-term trading in the foreign exchange market. Some countries that trade with the rupee also need to have a kind of transaction in a foreign exchange market.,The exchange rate becomes an important variable for those countries trading in the Indian rupee. So there should be some foreign exchange market institutions, and the Indian Central Bank should also be in a position to address any risk associated with other countries, wherever the rupee foreign exchange reserves are.,Any global currency possesses some characteristics — character India needs to ensure so that the Indian rupee will become a global currency.。近年来，随着新加坡数学的热度越来越高，孩子数学启蒙，很多家长都选择采用新加坡的教学方法。特别是一些咱们国内的国际学校，也会采用新加坡数学来给孩子启蒙。许多学习了新加坡数学的孩子也已经在袋鼠、新加坡SASMO、AMC等等数学竞赛斩获了金奖无数。
B | 那么，被称为“世界第一”的新加坡数学到底牛在哪？是怎么学的？今天就为你揭秘！新加坡的数学教育 新加坡数学确实有着一套非常成熟且备受赞誉的教学结构。新加坡数学的教学方式强调对基础概念的理解，以及问题解决能力的培养。国际上非常权威的学生能力测评TIMSS和PISA中，新加坡的学生在数学项目中始终名列前茅。图源：PISA官网现在全球有超过40多个国家把新加坡数学作为教材。在中国，新加坡数学同样受到欢迎。虽然中国数学在计算和技巧上的表现很出色，但在理解数学概念和培养数学思维方面，确实存在一些“短板”。而新加坡数学则提供了一种中西合璧的解决方案，可以在保持与中国数学接近的进度和难度的同时，又与英美的数学思维和英语表达方式接轨。那么，新加坡数学究竟采用了什么样的教学方法呢？数学学习利器——CPA教学法 新加坡数学的一大特点就是使用“具象化模型（CPA教学法）”讲解数学概念和解题思路。理解后再辅以适当的练习，极大地降低了孩子理解抽象数学概念的难度。CPA教学法，又称 “三步教学法”，在数学启蒙阶段，帮助孩子建立良好的“数感”，包括了三个方面：C - Concrete 具象化P - Pictorial 图形化A - Abstract 抽象化那么对比中国以及欧美，新加坡的CPA教学法到底强在哪呢？接下来就举个例子，让家长们能形象的了解这三大数学学习体系的区别。举个例子问题是：有1个苹果和2个橘子，问一共有多少个水果。
C | 中国孩子看到题目会直接摆出算式：1+2=3；欧美孩子会画出1个苹果和2个橘子，数一数有3个水果；新加坡孩子则会这么做：通过画模型的方式，把抽象概念具体化，然后再转换为1+2=3的等式。看似CPA好像让一个简单的数学问题变得多了一个步骤。但是对于孩子来说，相比于“一步到位”的抽象，多了一个过渡的阶段，帮助学生更好地适应不同年龄阶段的数学学习内容。通过激发孩子的学习兴趣和参与度，培养他们的数学思维和解决问题的能力。这对于学生的长期发展和未来学习具有重要的意义。
D | 进阶学习：适应孩子的学习规律 通过将具像化、形象化和抽象化三种思维模式阶梯式过渡的教学方法，可以帮助学生更好地适应不同年龄阶段的学习内容。激发他们的学习兴趣和参与度，培养他们的数学思维和解决问题的能力。图源：新加坡教育部官网这种递进式的学习，对于学生的长期发展和未来学习具有重要的意义。其实仔细对比，中国与新加坡的教材大纲都差不多，只是在安排顺序、深度、广度上有些许差别。第一阶段 适合年龄：3-6岁内容重点：包含了50以内的数数，20以内的加减，5以内的乘法以及基本的形状、颜色、时间。难度体现：题目难度是循序渐进的。虽然全文都是英文，且在内容里还会涉及英语的学习，但是以图片为主，没有英语基础也可以学。第二阶段 适合年龄段：6-9岁内容重点：100以内的加减，1000以内的加减，10000以内的加减，乘法，除法，钱币换算，时间，形状，容量，重量，长度的测量和计算，平面几何、角、面积、条形统计图、分数。难度体现：在这个阶段，需要用建模练习数字结构，用建模法数字结构讲解加法，也会更重视应用题的练习。
E | 第三阶段 适合年龄：9-12岁内容重点：6位数以内加减，8位数的读写，3位、4位数的乘法除法，分数、小数的加减乘除，平面几何，立体几何，时间计算，图表，比率，小数、分数和百分比的转换，平均数，代数，速度计算。
F | 难度体现：开始要求孩子根据线形图表分析数据，图表题将几何、分数等内容结合在一起，而且平面几何题开始涉及立体几何和空间思维。阅读理解的句式也变得更加复杂了，涉及内容也更加深广。
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